José Luis Arteta y Aljibez (1912-1957), un patólogo excepcional en la esfera de Gregorio Marañón, Carlos Jiménez Díaz y Pío Baroja / José Luis Arteta y Aljibez (1912-1957), an exceptional pathologist in the steps of Gregorio Marañón, Carlos Jiménez Díaz and Pío Baroja

José Luis Arteta, fue uno de los últimos discípulos de Cajal. Él encarna como pocos la transición entre la brillante escuela neurohistológica española, con el inicio de la anatomía patológica diagnóstica de ámbito hospitalario asistencial. Esa transición ocurre durante la difícil posguerra en la década de los cuarenta e inicio de los cincuenta del siglo XX, hasta culminar con la fundación de la Sociedad Española de Anatomía Patológica en 1959. Como muchos de los patólogos de su generación, dominaba la práctica de las autopsias clínicas, pero en el Hospital Provincial de Madrid tuvo ocasión de desarrollar el diagnóstico biópsico de la mano del clínico más brillante de su generación Carlos Jiménez Díaz, al tiempo que mantenía una notable actividad investigadora en el Instituto Cajal y a través de su estrecha colaboración con Gregorio Marañón. Además de médico y patólogo, Arteta era un humanista, de vasta cultura, que también pudo desarrollar por su entrañable amistad con Pío Baroja. Sobre su prematura muerte a los 45 años por poliomielitis, queda una sombra de misterio acerca de si se trató de una infección ambiental o una inoculación accidental durante sus investigaciones sobre este virus.(AU)

José Luis Arteta, was one of Cajal's last students at the outstanding institute of neurohistology. His career highlights a time of transition in Spanish pathology during the difficult years between the 1940s and the early 1950s, following the Spanish civil war. Diagnostic pathology was beginning to take place within the hospital setting and eventually, in 1959, the Spanish Society of Pathology (SEAP) was founded. Like many of his peers, he was expert in clinical autopsies, but he also had the opportunity, in the Provincial Hospital in Madrid, to develop skills in biopsy diagnosis under the tutelage of Carlos Jimenez Díaz, the most brilliant clinician of the time. He continued his research at the Cajal Institute and in collaboration with Gregorio Marañón. However, not only was Arteta a notable physician and pathologist, he was also a cultured humanist and close friend of Pío Baroja. His premature death at age 45 from poliomyelitis remains somewhat of a mystery: was it caused by an environmental infection or an accidental inoculation during his research on the virus?.(AU)

Thymic carcinomas and thymic neuroendocrine tumors: a tribute to Dr. Juan Rosai.

Throughout his career, Dr. Juan Rosai greatly impacted our understanding of mediastinal tumors, both as a scientist and as a teacher. This review highlights his manifold contributions in the field of thymic carcinomas and thymic neuroendocrine tumors from a historical perspective.

Per aspera ad astra: Life and work of the persecuted Jewish oral pathologist Joseph Weinmann (1896-1960).

Given his seminal scientific oeuvre, Joseph P. Weinmann (1896-1960) is considered a pioneer of oral pathology. He also paved the way for generations of scientists and physicians with the standard work "Bone and Bones", his textbook on oral pathology and histology, and the "Oral Pathology Program" at the University of Illinois. Far less well known is the fact that Weinmann, as a Jew, was disenfranchised by the Nazis in Vienna in 1938. Against this background, this study aims to shed light on the circumstances of Weinmann's persecution and subsequent forced emigration, as well as the further development of his career in the United States. This includes the question of which factors were decisive for Weinmann's scientific breakthrough in Chicago. The analysis draws on a variety of archival sources and contemporary printed writings. What at first glance looks like the impressive curriculum vitae of a successful scientist turns out to be a story of loss, violence, and a difficult new beginning. Joseph Weinmann first had to overcome several setbacks - disenfranchisement and expropriation by the National Socialists, a brief imprisonment before his planned escape from Vienna, and a failed immigration attempt in Great Britain - before he succeeded in an international career in the USA, which brought him, among other things, a chair and the presidency of the "American Academy of Oral Pathology". From the results, it can be concluded that Weinmann's success was not due to one specific reason, but based on many mutually beneficial factors (personal relationships, scientific prominence, favorable research environment, fortitude, adaptability, highly sought-after professional specialization).

Political continuity or a new beginning? The re-foundation of the "German Society for Pathology" and its politics in postwar Germany.

In 1948, about 70 pathologists decided to reconstitute the "Deutsche Pathologische Gesellschaft" (German Pathological Society). With Arnold Lauche, a new president was elected; at the same time, the organization was renamed the "Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pathologie" (German Society of Pathology). But did these two obvious changes really mark a new beginning, a conscious turning away from the Nazi ideology that had significantly shaped the policies of the professional associations until 1945? The present paper pursues this very question. It examines the personnel and political course set by the German Society of Pathology, and takes a close look its first representatives - Arnold Lauche, Georg B. Gruber und Edmund Randerath - and their professional activities. Special attention is paid to their positions during the Third Reich, their denazification processes and their dealings with the past in the early postwar period. This also includes the Society's policy towards Jewish colleagues marginalized in the Third Reich. The article is based on archival material from the Federal Archives in Berlin, various university archives, and Gruber's estate. In addition, a critical analysis of the relevant secondary literature was conducted. During the Third Reich, Lauche, Gruber, and Randerath were involved in National Socialism to varying degrees. Their board activities in the postwar period stood for personal and political continuity which also included the Society's policy towards former members of the Nazi Party and Jewish colleagues. The article concludes that there was no clean break with the Nazi past; Gruber in particular, who had already played a leading role in the Society in the Third Reich, continued to exert considerable influence. The German Society for Pathology also failed to bring persecuted Jewish colleagues into its midst - former members of the Nazi Party were given preference both in board positions and in the awarding of honors.

Historical Advancements and Evolution in Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology: The Contribution of the Middle Ages.

Dissections and autopsies are critical for understanding human anatomy, pathology, and uncovering mechanisms of disease. This review presents an historical journey from ancient times until the late Middle Ages. The major steps and developments are summarized with key figures and events presented.

Facts and fiction: The pathologist Gerhard Seifert (1921-2014) and his dealings with National Socialism.

Gerhard Seifert is considered one of the leading German pathologists of his time. He was not only an outstanding scientist but also shaped the politics of university pathology like hardly anyone else. In the context of a national research project on the role of German pathologists in the Third Reich, it was recently discovered that Seifert had joined the Nazi Party. The present study takes this hitherto unknown fact as an occasion for a closer analysis of Seifert's life and work - with a special focus on the Third Reich; the aim is to clarify (1) when and how Seifert's membership came about and (2) how he dealt with the Nazi era and his own political role in the period after 1945. The present study is based on various archival documents. Furthermore, Seifert's autobiography "A Saxon in Hamburg - A Doctor's Life from East to West" was evaluated and cross-referenced with the archival sources. Last not least a systematic re-analysis of the literature on Seifert was conducted, including eulogies and obituaries on his life and work. It can be shown that Gerhard Seifert was an outstanding scientist - with special merits in the fields of oral pathology (including salivary glands), the pathology of the pancreas, endocrine pathology and osteopathology -, an extensive networker and an enigmatic personality. However, it is also demonstrable that Seifert joined the Nazi Party at the age of 17, remained a member until its abolition at the end of the Second World War, and concealed his party membership after 1945. In this respect, he built his career in postwar Germany on a false statement.

"I have had an exceedingly beautiful life" The Jewish gynecopathologist Robert Meyer (1864-1947) and his extraordinary response to Nazi repression.

The Jewish scientist Robert Meyer received worldwide professional recognition as a pioneer gynecopathologist. Before his death, he wrote a memoir in which he gave an entirely positive assessment of his life. The latter, however, is at odds with the fact that he was disenfranchised by the National Socialists and driven into emigration. But even before Hitler's seizure of power, he had to cope with several strokes in private as well as in professional life. This article takes these apparent inconsistencies as an occasion for a fundamental analysis of Robert Meyer's life and work. Special attention is paid to his scientific achievements, but also to repressive experiences in the Third Reich, the background of his emigration and his specific handling of these adversities. Various archival documents, Meyer's memoirs, and other contemporary writings by and about Robert Meyer and about the development of the field of gynecopathology serve as central sources. The study concludes that Meyer made fundamental contributions to the embryology of the vagina, ovarian tumors, cancer diagnosis, endometriosis, and genital and fetal abnormalities. Despite his scientific merits, he was never granted a regular professorship - mainly, because he was professionally caught between two stools (gynecology and pathology), but also due to low career ambition. Nevertheless, thanks to influential supporters, he was able to hold out in Germany until 1939, when he emigrated to the United States. Meyer considered his life "beautiful" despite many misfortunes because he defined happiness in life primarily in terms of fulfilling personal relationships and was willing to accept life as it comes. In addition, he found distraction and fulfillment in his scientific work.

A History of Board Certification in Pediatric Pathology on Its 30th Anniversary.

In 1983 under the leadership of Dr. Daria Haust, the Pediatric Pathology Club (PPC; forerunner of the Society for Pediatric Pathology [SPP]), promulgated bylaws that included recognition of the special expertise required in pediatric pathology. This standard followed formal discussion that began as early as 1970, suggesting that special certification should be pursued, and the idea was vetted by the PPC in 1980 following a special report by Dr. Benjamin Landing and a letter to PPC members. Under the leadership of Dr. William Donnelly in 1984, a relationship between the SPP and the American Board of Pathology (ABPath) began in order to receive recognition of pediatric pathology as a special discipline. As a result, a test committee chaired by Dr. Jerald Schenken began preparing question categories and examples for ABPath examination. These efforts culminated in the first pediatric pathology subspecialty examination, held in Atlanta, Georgia on November 20, 1990. With this article we wish to detail the history of ABPath pediatric pathology board certification from its beginnings to the current time.

John Hatton's manuscript record of the surgical and pathological lectures given by Joseph Jordan, FRCS, in 1837-1838.

John Hatton, LSA MRCS FRCS MD (1817-1871), was apprenticed from 1833 to Joseph Jordan, MRCS FRCS (1787-1873), a well-known Manchester surgeon. Jordan, who had been teaching anatomy since 1814, closed his Mount Street Medical School in 1834 and was elected as surgeon to the Manchester Royal Infirmary in 1835. He continued to lecture on surgery and surgical pathology at the Infirmary, and sometimes at the Pine Street Medical School run by Thomas Turner, LSA FRCS (1793-1873). During 1837-38 Hatton transcribed and illustrated these lectures in a bound manuscript and also added notes and drawings in his personal copy of The Dublin Dissector. He gained his Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries (LSA) in 1836 and Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) in 1839 and set up in Manchester as surgeon from around 1840. This paper is based on three previously unrelated documents in the University of Manchester Archives: a handwritten catalogue of specimens in Jordan's Anatomy Museum, Hatton's annotated copy of The Dublin Dissector and his manuscript record of Jordan's lectures. These documents provide a valuable insight into medical education during the 1830s.

Alfred Biesiadecki (1839-1889) and his place in the history of dermatology.

Modern dermatology, as a separate branch of medicine, came into being in the 19th century. Alfred Biesiadecki was an outstanding anatomic pathologist and the pioneer in the histopathologic examination of the skin. Biesiadecki was the first to describe the exact distribution of lymphatic vessels in the skin. He dealt with the histopathologic mechanisms of dermatitis and skin grafts, and his work was the forerunner of studies of neoplasms in the skin vasculature. His scientific achievements secured him a prominent place in the history of dermatology in Europe and around the globe. The present work outlines a biography of Alfred Biesiadecki and his most important studies of both dermatology and other branches of medicine.

A fragmented career? Life and work of the Jewish pathologist Kurt Aterman (1913-2002).

Kurt Aterman (1913-2002) is regarded one of the leading experimental pathologists of his time with a strong focus on pediatric and hepatopathology. Without doubt, he is also one of the most international representatives of his field: Grown up in the German-speaking area, he studied medicine in the former Czechoslovakia and the United Kingdom, and then taught at universities and hospitals in the USA and Canada. Less well known is the fact that he was persecuted by the Nazi regime because of his Jewish decent after the Nazis started their annexation policy. Aterman was able to flee to Great Britain, but experienced a career setback there. This is precisely where the present study comes in: The overriding goal of this paper is to trace Kurt Aterman's life and work, which has been scarcely researched to date. It focuses on the decisive milestones and setbacks of his career, the question of compensation after the war, and the background and characteristics of his (re)connection with the German academic community. The study is based on previously unevaluated archive material and a re-analysis of the relevant research literature, supplemented by an autobiographical essay (1991). The paper concludes that Kurt Aterman always put his personal convictions above his career ambitions. It is equally remarkable that he maintained his relations with the German scientific community despite his repressive experiences in the Third Reich. In return he was made an honorary member of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pathologie (German Society for Pathology (1990/91).

Hans Frederick Bettinger (1897-1975) - "Father of Australian obstetrical and gynecological pathology" and victim of Nazism.

The German-Australian Hans Bettinger is regarded as one of the most important and influential pathologists of his time. Bettinger's research focused on gynecological pathology, with a particular interest in intersexuality, ovarian and cervical cancer. He received global recognition for his achievements: among others, he was a Honorary Fellow at the International Academy of Cytology, the Royal Australian College of Physicians, the Royal College of Pathologists of Australia, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and a Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists, London. Far less well-known is German-born Bettinger's role as a victim of Nazism. This significant yet hitherto "blind spot" in Bettinger's life is the focus of this paper. Previously undiscovered archival material from the German Federal Archives in Koblenz, supplemented by documents from the Public Record Office Victoria, Australia, and the University of Melbourne Archives, served as the central sources for this study. This paper reveals that Bettinger, as the husband of a Jewish woman in Nazi Germany, was disenfranchised, and subsequently forced to emigrate. After considerable efforts, he succeeded in building a new life in Australia, where he became the "father of obstetrical and gynecological pathology". In the 1950s Bettinger submitted an application for "reparations" to the Federal Republic of Germany. The legal claim was successful: From April 1951 onwards, Bettinger received a substantial pension and was thus officially recognized as a victim of Nazism. He was, however, never able to bring himself to return to Germany, and spent the rest of his life in Australia.

Erich Letterer (1895-1982): Life and work with special attention to his role in the Third Reich.

Erich Letterer (1895-1982) is without any doubt one of the most renowned German pathologists of the 20th century. As the eponym of the "Letterer-Siwe disease" and as a pioneer in the field of immunopathology, he made his mark in medical history. Less well known is the fact that Letterer achieved the decisive career step - the call to a full professorship - in the Third Reich, at the explicit request of authoritative National Socialists. In post-war Germany, on the other hand, Letterer was considered a politically unencumbered, honorable scientist. But how do these findings fit together? Did Letterer serve the Nazi regime or did he achieve his high positions despite a politically unbending, straightforward attitude? These questions are the main focus of the present article, which also traces Letterer's academic career and oeuvre. The paper is based on primary sources from various federal and regional archives, most of which have been evaluated for the first time; they have been compared and supplemented with the existing secondary literature. It concludes that Letterer was politically loyal during the Nazi era - as evidenced by memberships in various Nazi organizations - and that he enjoyed political support. Letterer's self-image of a politically aloof, blameless scholar does not agree with the sources. However, Letterer did not belong to those university lecturers who owed their career in the Third Reich mainly to political reasons. Rather, he was a renowned pathologist and scientist who also proved to be politically reliable in the decisive phase of his career.

When botany inspired pathology of the peripheral nervous system.

Medicine and botany are 2 distinct disciplines of "natural science," one focusing on humans, the other on plants. However, among the life sciences, both were quite close in earlier times. Moreover, the history of neuropathology, especially in the field of the peripheral nervous system, has been marked by many examples of "botanical images" used to describe certain histopathologic structures. We propose to better understand the reasons why neuropathologists used these botanical terms from a number of interesting anecdotes.